Information systems Essay Example for Free

Information systems Essay None -Course objectives Information is perhaps the most important of all business resources, and the ability to manage it effectively on a global level is a essential organizational capability. Information systems are the tools that firms use to manage information, and it is critical for managers to understand how to use them. This course introduces you to key information systems concepts, issues and questions that will help you to accomplish this. The focus of the course is managerial little prior knowledge of  information systems is required, and you certainly won’t be doing any programming! It is assumed that you already possess the basic computer skills needed to use various office suite products (word processing, spreadsheet, e-mail, etc. ), or will acquire these skills independently of this course. The objective of the course is to provide a basic knowledge set that will allow you to understand the most common information systems issues that exist in today’s organizations, to ask critical questions, and participate in IT decision making. P a g e | 2 Organization of the Course Pedagogy  This course relies on a diversity of teaching media, including lectures, readings, and case discussions. Inclass discussions are important and quality class participation is expected from each student. It is your responsibility to read the appropriate material before class. Unless prior arrangements have been made with the instructor, no late assignments will be accepted. Assigned Reading There is a readings package for this course that contains required articles and cases. As well we have an open source text: John Gallaugher, â€Å"Information Systems: A Manager’s Guide to Harnessing Technology†, Flat World,Version1. 1, 2011. Go to this website to access the text: http://www. flatworldstudents. com/course? cid=453963bid=38086. You can read it online for free. If you pay $29 or thereabouts you can download an e-reader version or a pdf. A printed text is $40 and a color text is $60. We cover a large volume of material in this course. When preparing for class, you should review the overheads, carefully read the assigned articles and cases and try to identify what you believe are key points or issues. Always ask yourself the following question â€Å"As a manager, what issues does this raise for me? † Evaluation of Student Performance. The course grading scheme for Master’s level courses at Schulich uses a 9-value grade-point system. The possible course letter grades for a course (and the corresponding grade points awarded for each grade are: A+ 9 grade points A 8 A7 B+ 6 B 5 B4 C+ 3 C 2 C1 F 0 (Students are reminded that they must maintain a cumulative GPA of at least 4. 2 to remain in good standing and continue in the program, and a minimum of 4. 4 to qualify for their degree. Schulich grading guidelines mandate a section grade point average [‘GPA’] of between 4. 7 and 6. 1 for core courses and a section GPA of between 5. 2 and 6. 2 for electives. ) Where instructors use numerical or percentage grades, Schulich grading policy does not require a preset translation of percentages into specific letter grades P a g e | 3 Participation 20 % Individual Assignment 30 % Group Assignment 50% In class Five pages maximum, handed in at the beginning of session 4 Presentation 20%, session 6 Peer evaluation 5%, session 6 Final report 25%, No later than 1 day after final session Participation (20%) Good class participation by all class members is necessary in order to get the most out of the cases and readings. You are encouraged to take advantage of this gathering of your peers to improve your communication skills and obtain feedback on your views in a relatively low-risk environment. Attendance is not participation. Your attendance is expected for the full duration of the class. If you miss more than two classes, you have failed the course. If you feel that you have to miss a class or any part of a class please inform the instructor before the class so that you will not be called upon in class and so that the instructor can advise you on how to keep up with the rest of the class. I expect that you will: a) Be prepared for class. b) Be on time for class. c) Keep me informed. Do not suffer in silence. Let the instructor know if you are having problems. Let it be known if you cannot attend class. With only six sessions, you do not want to miss anything. d) Come to class with a readable name card. This is important for monitoring your participation. Identify all your work completely with student number and name. Both of these actions will help the instructor to get to know you as an individual. In-class participation will be graded on quality not quantity. Timely and regular attendance, comments and questions that demonstrate knowledge of the topic and intellectual acuity can enhance your participation grade. Be respectful of other’s desire to participate, so be brief and relevant. Individual assignment (30%) The course includes an individual assignment, worth 30%. The total length of the individual assignment is 5 pages maximum, including all materials, except an optional cover page, and a reference list (if required). I will provide details on this assignment in the first class. Group Assignment (50%) You will be placed into groups. Each group will be required to perform an analysis of a business problem that deals with IT issues. Details of the group assignment will be provided in session 1. The group assignment includes three deliverables: 1. Final Report Final report (25%) – each group will submit a final report due no later than 1 day following the final class session. The report will be no longer than 20 pages, including all components, except for a title page and references. The following sections are required: Executive Summary (1page only), Introduction, Summary, and Conclusions. Other sections are up to you P a g e | 4 2. Management presentation Management presentation (20%) – each group will deliver a 10 minute presentation during the final class session. No extra time will be allowed. Maximum 10 slides. Please provide me with a copy of the presentation slides the evening before the final class session by 6 p. m. at the latest. 3. Peer evaluation Peer evaluation (5%) – you will be asked to evaluate the performance of your fellow group members. I will hand out a form for this in week 6. Academic Honesty Academic honesty is fundamental to the integrity of university education and degree programs. The Schulich School will investigate and will act to enforce academic honesty policies where apparent violations occur. Students should familiarize themselves with York University’s policy on academic honesty. It is printed in full in your student handbook and can also viewed on-line on the Schulich website, clicking through as indicated: MBA/IMBA. Schulich website ‘Programs’ ‘Master’s Degree’ ‘Learn More’ ‘Academic Policy’ While academic dishonesty can take many forms, there are several forms of which students should be highly aware because they are the ones that are most likely to occur in the context of a specific course. [1] Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the presentation of information, ideas, or analysis generated by other people as being your own. It includes direct quotations as well a substantive paraphrases where the course of that information or idea is not clearly identified to the reader. Students should be careful to present their written work in a way that makes it completely clear in each and every cases where a quotation, a paraphrase, or an analysis is based on the work of other people. (This includes information from all sources, including websites. ) [2] Cheating. Cheating is an attempt to gain an unfair advantage in an evaluation. Examples of such violations include (but are not limited to) consulting prohibited materials during an examination or copying from another student. [3] Failure to follow limitations on collaborative work with other students in preparing academic assignments. Each class differs in the mix of assignments and group-versus-individual preparation that is allowed. The instructor will make clear the extent of collaboration among students that is acceptable among students on various pieces of assigned work. Students should abide by those limitations and, if they are unsure about whether a certain level or form of collaboration would be acceptable, to clarify that question with the instructor in advance. [4] Aiding and abetting. A student is guilty of violating academic honesty expectations if he/she acts in a way that enables another student to engage in academic dishonesty. If a student knows (or should reasonably expect) that an action would enable another student to cheat or plagiarize, that student’s action constitutes an academic honesty violation. Illustrative examples include making your exam paper easily visible to others in the same exam or providing your own working or finished documents for an ‘individual assignment’ to another student (even if that other student said that he/she just wanted to ‘get an idea of how to approach the assignment’ or ‘to check whether they had done theirs correctly’). [5] Use of academic work in more than one course. Generally, academic work done for every course is ‘new’ work, done for that course only. If a student wishes to use some or all of the academic work done for an assigned task in one course in another course, the student must get explicit, prior permission from both instructors so that they agree that the scope and nature of the overlapping use of that work is such that it can fairly be counted toward both courses. P a g e | 5 Schedule of Topics and Readings The following list of lecture topics and readings indicate the material to be read, reviewed and/or prepared for the various class sessions. If any changes in this schedule become necessary, notifications will be posted in the course CMD, and where such changes need to be announced between class sessions, an email will be sent to students’ Lotus Notes email accounts, notifying them of the change. Date Topic(s) Session 1 Key question: What is an information system and why is it Feb 27 important? IS Ch 1, Lecture: Introduction to management information systems and enterprise Ch 5 Ch technology management 10 Lecture: Technology fundamentals Reading: A conversation about information technology 1. In your experience, does this conversation ring true? 2. Why are many business managers frustrated with organizational IT? 3. Why are many IT managers frustrated with ‘the business side’? 4. What can be done to improve relations between the two sides? Activity: A group discussion of Open versus Closed systems models. Session 2 Key question: How can you use information systems to get the Mar 5 most out of organizations? IS Ch 11 Lecture: Organizational information systems Enterprise systems Case: Business Intelligence Software at SYSCO Activity: Information structures organizational effectiveness Session 3 How can you manage the balance between security and privacy, Mar 12 openness and access? IS Ch 6, Ch 12, Ch 13 Lecture: IS ethics, privacy, computer crime, and security Case: ChoicePoint (A) 1. What is your appraisal of ChoicePoint’s business model? 2. How legitimate are the concerns voiced by the industry critics? 3. In Derek Smith’s position, what internal changes, if any, would you make to address the issues discussed in the case? 4. In Derek Smith’s position, what would you recommend to the U. S. Congress regarding regulation of the personal data industry? Discussion: Information security vs privacy P a g e | 6 Session 4 Key question: How can you use information systems for a Mar 19 sustainable competitive advantage? IS Ch 2, Lecture: IS for competitive advantage IS Planning and project Ch 7 Ch management 8 Reading: Investing in the IT That Makes a Competitive Difference Case: MDCM Inc. 1. Could MDCM fulfill Horizon 2000 without a strong focus on transforming IT? Why or why not? 2. Define MDCM’s overall corporate strategy and business goals, and match these with the company’s high-level IT objectives. Present your findings in a report to the senior management team. *Individual assignment due Session 5 Mar 26 IS Ch 9 Ch 14 Key question: How to effectively manage information systems in a changing global environment? Lecture: IS development and Global IT outsourcing Reading: Outsourcing: From Cost Management to Innovation and Business Value Case: Future Vision Digital Services 1. As Blake Randolph, what would you do to deal with the immediate problem? 2. Does the blame reside with Gregoire for being difficult to manage, or with Randolph, for not being able to manage Gregoire? 3. Would you use Gregoire on another project? Why or why not? 4. If you answered yes to Q3, would you change the way you manage Gregoire? How? Session 6 Apr 2 Apr 3 Group presentations Final reports due.

Lucozade Marketing Strategy

Lucozade Marketing Strategy The aim of this report is to evaluate the marketing strategy of Lucozade in the United Kingdom. Lucozade is a successful company in the industry of energy and sports drink. The exploding growth in the energy and sports market means the needs of this kind of healthy food is increasing rapidly. It is becoming a popular food culture not only in the United Kingdom but also the whole world. This report uses marketing mix as a tool to analyse the marketing strategy used by Lucozade to understand how the company promote its products. After that, by analysising the market share and the performance, the brands position in competition is identified. Then, through comparing with Lucozades rival- Red Bull, strength and weakness are showed. SWOT analysis is used in this part. Next, the recommendations will be given to the company after the analysis to increase sales and expand market share. 1.Overview of Lucozade 1.1 History of Lucozade Lucozade is a sports energy drink. It was first launched in 1927 by a chemist in Ireland. At that time, its name was Glocozade till 1929, it was bought by Beechams rebranded into Lucozade .From 2000 to present, it is owned GlaxoSmithKline pls which also produces healthcare products such as vaccines. It extended the brand into Lucozade Sport, Lucozade Energy, and Lucozade Alert (Wikipedia, nd). 1.2 Lucozades Achievement Lucozade is the original energy drink as well as the category driver. The sales of Lucozade Energy was  £150 million in 2003 (Facebook, nd) and it went up to  £229.3 million in 2004 and 253.3 million in 2005(Nielsen, 2006). In 2010, Lucozade appears on the list of Top Britains 100 Biggest Brands, ranking the 9th (Nielsen, 2010). 2 2.1 Marketing Mix Brassington F. and Pettitt (2006, p.30) shows that marketing mix as the combination of the major tools of marketing was first developed by Borden in 1964,and the mnemonic 4ps describing those tools was coined by McCarthy(1960).They also points out that the marketing mix can help the company understand the nature of customers and their needs to act on the information, in order to develop and implement marketing activities that actually deliver something of value to the customer. 2.2 4Ps analysis of Lucozade 2.2.1 Product Lucozade is a glucose carbonated drink. The drink is a highly concentrated source of energy which is quickly assimilated into the bloodstream. It is easily digested (Banyard and Philip, 1999, p.70).The company always works hard on new product development since it is launched. Till 2010, it has four product lines: Lucozade, Lucozade Energy, Lucozade Sport and Lucozade Alert. Lucozade Energy: Being launched in 1929, Lucozade Energy is the original product and is designed to provide an energy boost. It provides glucose fuel for physically active people. It is available in the following 6 flavours: Original, Lemon, Orange, Apple, Cherry and Tropical (Facebook, nd). Lucozade Sport: Lucozade Sport was first launched in 1991 and was the UKs first isotonic sports drink.(Lucozade Website,nd) It is developed to meet the needs of athletes, football player and those sports lovers. It also launched Lucozade Sport Hydro Active: It is a new fitness water specially designed for exercisers and gym-goers(Facebook, nd). In 2010, Lucozade sport is attempting to extend its potential audience with the launch of a new low calorie sports drink called Lucozade Sport Lite, which contains 50 calories and already appeared  at the end of  March  in shops in UK(UK Marketing News Online,2010). Lucozade Alert: Lucozade Alert is designed to sharpen your mental performance, is low calorie 45 calories per bottle and has a great refreshing lemon flavour. It contains caffeine to help improve Focus, Alertness and Concentration. (Facebook, nd) 2.2.2 Price Being a historical company, Lucozade has gained more experiences on how to reduce the cost of producing, hence, it is cheaper, compared with Red Bull. Price/Bottle Price/100ml Lucozade  £0.78~1.30 10.0p~20.5p Red Bull  £1.35~2.02 38.9p~54.0p 2.2.3 Promotion For Lucozade, the recipe to success is science and product promotion. advertising and sponsorship Lucozade is very good at using advertising and sponsorship as tools for promotion. On one hand, in terms of ad campaign, their advertisements on TV always keep pace with their changing target market. To illustrate, it was used to boost ill or sick childrens energy at first and their target market was mothers, hence, its first advertisement in 1960 was about a mall boy who was recovering from being ill and he drunk the Lucozade with his mother (Coursework, 2004).Nextà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the company aimed at athletes and sports lover, therefore, the Olympic decathlon champion, Daley Thompson showed in the TV advertisement .In 2001,Lucozade wanted to target at new market segments which is teenagers, the company used Lara Croft who is a character in the famous video games called Tomb Raider to attract teenagers and children since they all love the video games(Coursework,2004).On the other hand, the company also sponsor famous player and teams. For exampleà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’David Jobber and John Fahy(2 009:236) points out that sponsorship of athletics by Smithkline Beecham for its Lucozade Sport brand reinforces and its market position and its energy associations.(à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ) Cooperation with Ipod Recentlyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’with the increasingly big fans of Apple, young people are seen walking on the street with Ipod clipped on their belts, Iphone hold in their hands. To better promote and better compete, now individuals can find FitCoach which is supplied by Lucozade Sport on the iTunes download page. It is a free software for Ipod and can help people keep fit and lose weight. In addition, in September 2010, Lucozade Energy offers customers to win an Iphone every hour. Everyone has a chance as long as he/she buys a bottle of Lucozade Energy. 2.2.4 Place Place is a very dynamic and fast moving area of marketing. It covers a wide variety of fascinating topics largely concerned with the movement of goods from A to B and what happens at the point of sell.(Brassington F. and Pettitt,2006,p.31)Lucozade is sold in many places in United Kingdom such as retail chains like ASDAà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’schools, gyms, sports center, even in desert stores or bread stores. 3. Competition position 3.1 Energy and sports drink market size In todays market, every industry and business is very competitive and tough with so many different brandss ,the historical ones, the news ones. However, in the cold market, the market of energy drinks boosts every year. The market has proved recession proof and continues to perform impressively.Value sales of the sports/energy drinks market are forecast to grow from  £941 million in 2008 to  £1,035 million in 2009.Over the next five years the market will grow by 48% to reach 1.5 billion in 2014 (Mintel oxygen data, 2009, p.8) . 3.2 Market share of Lucozade Cara Traboulsi et al. (2004,p.6),gives an extensive commentary on the market share that in 2003,Lucozade already had the largest market share(60%) followed by the major competitors such as Red Bull and Powerade with the value share of 27% and 4.50% individually .The rest of the market is made up with some small brands. It can be seen in the first pie chart. In 2010, Lucozade is the leader in United Kingdom for its market share in United Kingdom and Ireland is 90%(Bihua Ye,2010,p.19).The second pie chart shows the market share in Ireland. Lucozade still dominates the market with 75% value share (Begleys,nd). 3.3 Compared with Red Bull: Lucozade was the first energy, however, in the market of the energy drinks today, many Lucozades competitors have raised, the main and the most powerful competitor Lucozade has to face is Red Bull Red Bull is an energy drink brand which was launched in Austria in 1987. In just 20 years it has gone on to become a global best-selling beverage brand ( ). It is clearly to see that the two companies have some similarities. First, they both target young people .Second ,not just Lucozade, Red Bull is also very good at advertising . The company spent around 30 percent of its annual turnover on market and sponsorship( ). However, Shirisha Regani pointed out that Red Bull was unable to successfully extend its product line although a sugar-free version was introduced in 2003( ) ,which puts Lucozade into a more advantage position while competition since Lucozade has successfully extended their brand. Strategy: Reposition Lucoade used to be positioned as an invalids drink. ( )During the period 1974 to 1978 the sales of Lucozade declined consistently ( Banyard and Phillip,1999,p.70).The market changed that time, people had better medical technology and better living conditions which take the place of Lucozade. SmithKline Beecham, the brands owner, repositioned the brand from its original position as thea product for the sick to a brand which is essentially for the fit and healthy. ( )In the early 1990s,Lucozade successfully reinvented itself as a sports energy drink and by the end of the decad it was looking to step into the main stream and become a brand that would be sold out of the same fridges as Cock and Pepsi.( Tom Farrand, David Nichols, Tom Rowley,Matt Avery Journal: Young Consumers P12 2006 Volume:7 ) SWOT analysis: Strength: It has many different flavors to meet the need of different kind of customers and attract customers. It tastes very nice. Lucozade still dominant the energy drink market. The company has good reputation. Lucozade was established in 1927,which means it was the first energy drink product, the longer history means the company has longer time to build the brand into success. Weakness: Lucozade always focuses on developing new products such as Lucozade Sport Lite, it can be benefit, however, people are curious and always want to try new products, which will put the old products such as Lucozade Energy into dangerous position. Microsoft is an good example to approve this, less people are using Windows xp after Windows 7 is launched. Lucozade is a soft drink but contains 0.01% ethyl alcohol to aid flavouring which goes against the concept that Soft drinks are non-alcoholic. (BBC News Online,2004) Opportunities: Lucozade has the potential to expand their market share. Threat: It faces the threat of being substituted by Red Bull Recommendations Lucoade has a great scientific team trying to work on how to develop peoples energy. The boosting energy market,expand the market share in the whole beverage other than in the energy drink market.Since Lucozade is already dominant in the energy drinks market, what the company should do now is try to remain the old customers and attract new customers.

William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Shakespeare Antony

William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra â€Å"The triple pillar of the world transformed/Into a strumpet’s fool. Behold and see† (I.1.12). â€Å"I have eyes upon him† (III.6.61). Shakespeare’s Antony invites speculation and a greedy voyerism that can only be instigated by a protagonist who, despite perpetually being at the centre of discussion, manages to elude classification.This impression of opacity of character is enhanced by the fact that his own idea of himself and of his uncontrollable infatuation with Cleopatra is constantly mutating. Antony oscillates between wishing â€Å"Would I had never seen [Cleopatra]† (I.2.253), and admitting â€Å"I’th’East my pleasure lies† (II.3.41). One moment he wails â€Å"I have fled myself [...] I have lost command† (III.11.7, 23), the next he reassures himself with a mantra-like repetitiveness, â€Å"There’s hope in’t yet [...] There’s sap in’t yet† (III.13.175, 191). When the protagonist himself is never static, when the other characters define him in accordance to their own agendas or morbid curiosity, there is very little for the audience to hold onto in the way of tangible evidence of one mental state as opposed to another. â€Å"This common body, like to a vagabond flag upon the stream,/Goes to and back, lackeying the varying tide,/To rot itself with motion† (I.4.44) Caesar says this about the tendency of the masses to wish for the ruler who isn’t in power or is seen less, and then when he does come into the limelight, to lose interest and want someone else. But taken out of context, these lines are a disturbingly appropriate depiction of Antony’s state throughout the play. For he is discussed and prodded as if he were common property, and shifts continuously between du... ...ity and littleness, an admission of his own weaknesses. The vagueness of â€Å"Sometimes we see a cloud that’s dragonish,/A vapour sometime like a bear or lion, [...] That which is now a horse, even with a thought/The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct/As water is in water† is juxtaposed against the profoundly personal, intrspective lines â€Å"Here I am Antony,/Yet cannot hold this visible shape† (IV.14.3-22). The result is the feeling that whether he has fallen or not, whether the Roman way is better than the Egyptian, whether the â€Å"old Antony† is a myth, his own self-disgust and deflated sense of self remains. Perhaps that is the closest we can expect to get to the real Antony: the one he reveals when in the throes of self-doubt. Perhaps that is all we deserve to uncover: for as Dante’s Virgil would say, â€Å"the desire to hear [others’ dispute] is a base desire† (xxx.148).

Plastic Surgery :: Cosmetic Surgery

Outside beauty and staying forever young are the newest trends among today's society. Women are the highest percentage of this trend because women have been conditioned at young age to believe outer beauty is unsurpassed. Plastic or cosmetic surgery in the past has been kept hushed, never knowing did she have her nose worked on? Today plastic surgery is being embraced by the millions and highly looked upon. Recently a friend of mine had a breast augmentation. Her argument was the need to feel more confident in her own body. She felt out of proportion to the rest of her body. Young and old women today feel the need to look like Barbie, which undoubtedly comes from the need to replicate their favorite celebrities. Other causes for plastic or cosmetic surgery come from low self-esteem issues, sexual satisfaction and the need to be accepted as beautiful. For Instance, in 2000 more than 6.3 million women went under the knife by surgeons certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery, says the American Society of Plastic Surgeons statistics. The five most popular invasive surgical procedures for women in 2000 were liposuction, eyelid surgery, nose reshaping, breast augmentation and facelift (ASPS statistics). There were nearly 11.9 million surgical and non-surgical cosmetic procedures performed in 2004, according to the most comprehensive survey to date of U.S. physicians and surgeons by the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS Statistics). In addition the top five surgical cosmetic procedures in 2004 were, liposuction, breast augmentation, eyelid surgery, rhinoplasty, and facelift. The top five non-surgical cosmetic procedures in 2004 were, Botox injection, laser hair removal, chemical peel, microdermabrasion, and hyaluronic acid. Overall, since 1997, there has been a 465 percent increase in the total number of cosmetic procedures. Surgical procedures increased by 118 percent, and non-surgical procedures increased by 764 percent (ASAPS Statistics). Firstly in most recent research from Dental and Health Articles, women who have had cosmetic surgery have found greater satisfaction in their sexual lifestyles. Women reported that their partners were more sexually satisfied, dressed to enhance their new figures, and were compelled to try more and different sexual activities post-surgery. Especially, the greatest benefits were seen in women who had breast augmentation, breast lift and or body contouring procedures. The study was published in the January-February 2006 issue of Aesthetic Surgery Journal (Dental and Health Articles). "The benefits of cosmetic plastic surgery appear to go beyond enabling patients to feel better about their physical appearance," commented Mark Jewell, MD, President of ASAPS, which publishes Aesthetic Surgery Journal (Dental and Health Articles).

Does Credentialing Produce Effective Teachers? :: Education Educational Essays

Does Credentialing Produce Effective Teachers? Controversy regarding the relationship between the competence of teachers and the performance of their students causes some people to believe that the qualifications of teachers have no direct effect on their ability to teach efficiently. Others believe that poor student performance is directly caused by the teacher's lack of preparation. Thus the question: is teachers’ lack of preparation contributing to poor student performance on standardized achievement tests? This review contains information regarding teacher credentialing: what is a teacher credential, how is a multiple-subject credential obtained in California, emergency credentials, teacher credentialing is related to student performance, and teacher credentialing is not related to student performance. What is a teaching credential? Teacher credentialing is a process in which teachers become recognized by the state as competent and professional in teaching. There are many different types of credentials, a primary one being a multiple subject credential. According to Dr. Ruth Norton, a professor of education at Cal State San Bernardino, a multiple subject credential allows a teacher to teach all subjects in a self-contained classroom in grades K-12. In California, the multiple subject credential generally applies to grades K-6 because of the structure of the school systems; grades 7-12 generally emphasize single-subject credentials. How is a multiple subject credential obtained in California? In speaking with Jason Moore, an advisor at CSUSB PALS office, to obtain a multiple subject credential in California it is required to have a baccalaureate degree from a four-year university, passed the California Basic Educational Skills Test (CBEST) during their junior or senior year, and participate in a fifth year credential program. Currently, in the extended credential program, the Reading Instruction Competency Assessment (RICA) test is required and as of September 2000, the Math Instruction Competency Assessment (MICA) will also be required. It should be noted that California is the only state that requires the fifth year credential program. In addition, the state of California has a list of competencies of what every teacher should possess to be effective: creating and maintaining effective environments, planning instruction and designing a learning experience for all students, engaging and supporting all students in learning, understanding and organizing subject matter for student learning, assessing student learning, and developing as a professional educator. Emergency Credentials

Theme

Eddie Truong Prof. Gray English 28 11 March 2013 Finding The Theme Many stories around the world have a wide variety of theme and issues that are not easily identified. Throughout stories, authors like to describe the characterization of character rather than the plot. The reason authors don’t describe the plot of the story is because through the characterization of the characters, readers are able to distinguish the different issues the author has planted in the story. Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† is a short story that explores the way some people tend to view their family heritage and culture.Even though the title of the story does not give a sense of genre, it is actually a drama story because it has conflicts between different people. This story begins when Mama and Maggie are waiting at their front yard for the arrival of their daughter/sister. When Dee, the sister arrives, she informs her family that she has thrown away her name for another name. When they all get into the house, Dee asks her mom for valuables that were left behind by their past relatives. At first Mama agrees to give it to her, but refuses later because Mama felt that Dee would not carry the important heritage of the family tradition.Dee, who is outraged at this point, runs out of the house and left saying that they do not understand the real importance of their culture essay writer dubai. In the story, â€Å"Everyday Use† uses direct and indirect characterization through Mama, Maggie, and Dee to elucidate the theme of personal belief some people have for their family heritage. One way the theme becomes clearer to the readers is through the indirect characterization of Mama. Indirect characterization is shown throughout the story to show the traits of the characters by what they say and what they do. The readers are able to have a sense of who the character is by indirect characterization.For example, â€Å"A yard like this is more comfortable then most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room† (108). Through this quote the readers are able to realize that Mama is proud of what she has and the yard was not just a property to her, it is her culture. Another example given is when Mama â€Å"snatched the quilts out of miss Wangero’s hand and dumped them into Maggie’s lap† (115), and then at the end mama and Maggie sits outside enjoying their sister leave. This shows the readers that Mama believe that Maggie is more qualified to carry on the heritage and their belief of heritage is better than their sister.Another character that is characterized directly and indirectly to help clarify the theme is Maggie. Unlike indirect characterization, direct characterization is when the traits are actually given to us by the narrator rather than their actions and words. The way the author directly and indirectly characterize Maggie helps the reader see the belief she has in her family cultur e. For instance, When Maggie lets her sister have the quilt because she â€Å"can ‘member Grandma Dee without the quilts† (115) since she was taught how to make the quilt by their grandmother.Maggie does this because she had acquired the skill of quilting from her grandmother. This quote shows that Maggie is open minded and wanted to learn her family’s culture. The readers can have a sense that Maggie feels that the culture of making quilt is better than needing an item to actually remind you of your culture. Another example is when Maggie says that the dasher was whittled by â€Å"Aunt Dee’s first husband†(113) and that his name was â€Å"Henry, but they called him Stash†(113). Maggie says this quietly and outspoken because her sister Dee didn’t remember who in their family made that significant piece.The reader are shown that Maggie actually know more about their family valuables and their heritage than Dee. Maggie values the importa nce of the people who created this piece, while Dee just valued the material. The last character that helps elucidate the theme through indirect characterization is Dee. The indirect characterization of Dee helps show the reader the views of heritage she has compared to her mother and sister. A given example is when Dee comes back home and tell her family that she has thrown away her name, which has been in their family for years and chosen the name: â€Å"Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo† (112).This shows the readers that Dee has thrown her family’s name that has been passed down their culture because she wanted to be even closer to the roots of their African Americans culture. Another example that is given is when Dee yells at her mother that Maggie shouldn’t wear the quilts because she doesn’t â€Å"appreciate the quilts† that their ancestors has made. Dee believes that â€Å"they’re priceless†(114) and that they should be hung up. Even t hough the readers will find that Dee is being disrespectful to her mother, the readers are able to recognize that the quilt was made with materials from African American culture.Indirect and direct characterization is a key way to help readers wrestle their way through the different issues expressed by the author. The descriptions of the character’s traits and their words to their actions are important in every story. Many stories would be difficult to figure out the issues or theme without these key points. It could leave readers confused and mislead into many different directions. Through indirect and direct characterization, the readers are able to find the ideas given by the author.

L3 HSC Technical Certificate Essay

1. Identify the different reasons why spate travel by (1.1.1) People exceed to name relationships, convey their extremitys to one a nonher, dole out their ideas, express their feelings and affableise in pairs or larger groups.2. rationalise how confabulation affects relationships in an adult social tending reach (1.1.2) As an adult superintend worker, communion is vital to date the postulate and requirements of the serving drug partr. If unplayful chat is non formed, thus the wellness and safety of the service utiliser is at venture. Communication also forms trust, not only mingled with the service go forr but also my fellow c be worker/s. Communications mingled with lag bothow a good handover to wee lieu mingled with shifts and by development a intercourses book, any issues of health & safety put forward be discussed without any staff members being present.Read more Reasons why people communicate strain3. Comp ar government agencys to esta blish the discourse and vocabulary call for, wishes and preferences of an psyche (2.2.1) In legion(predicate) cases, just by talking in English to the individual, dialogue toi permit be established to determine their wishes, needs & preferences. If this is not possible, the individual should catch a care/ give birth plan or notes this impart hope in full outline any limited communion needs that individual whitethorn require. For example a slightlybody who is both deaf or of impaired hearing, whitethorn need to be intercommunicate to louder and clearer whilst your lips are in full view for them to read, alternatively hand gestures or sign language whitethorn be required. I fully understand though that in whatsoever cases it may be impossible for me to communicate between the service exploiter and that I may need assistance.4. Describe the factors to cogitate when promoting impelling conference (2.2.2) there are a number of factors that need to be considered to promote telling conference literal Communication not everyone speaks my native knife and consequently may not guard my vocabulary and I may need to communicate with individuals that scram learning difficulties I thereforehave to consider this when communicating and be sure not to use actors line that could be difficult to understand. I must(prenominal) also be kind enough to not sound arch(a) to adults by speaking to slowly and to use the correct tone and pitch in my voice. Non-Verbal Communication non- communicative communication is said to reputation for up to 93% of all effortless communication, this leaves only 7% for words.This clearly shows that non-verbal communication is very important to get right. Examples are eyes, by talking to soulfulness and (mostly) maintaining eye-contact conveys your life of care and interest in that persons words and also affirms a solid intro for trust. Body language fundament be communicated every consciously or non-consciously a nd can greatly affect the message or information to be shared between one or many people. There are measure in my affair when a simple hand on the shoulder has been enough to reassure that person that they are being listened to and understood. Writing a note or using an physical object can also help with establishing sound communication in a non-verbal way5. Describe a range of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs (2.2.3) We have the use of our five senses to communicate and perk information withVisual seeing audile hearingOlfactory smelling kinesthetic feelingGustatory tasting6. apologize why it is important to respond to an individuals reactions when communicating (2.2.4) Once communication is established, the dialogue of that conversation is usually goaded by either signs of non-verbal or verbal reactions it is essential that these are responded to in a correct and timely manner, or the risk of miscommunication is increased and the original intenti on or needs (which triggered the communication) may be disconnected and could potencely be dangerous to the health and safety of the individual, yourself or others around you.7. excuse how individuals from different backgrounds may use, or stand for communication methods in different ways (3.3.1) Communication methods canvary between people from different backgrounds and it can, in any(prenominal) instances, be very hard to keep off misunderstandings. There are beliefs and opinions that need to be respected and understood, whether they are from a spiritual or cultural viewpoint these factors can greatly affect the effectiveness of the communication between them. Some individuals may be used to very strong non-verbal communication by way of e.g. hand gestures, as opposed to some other who may be distracted and feel threatened by much(prenominal) means. Personality has a braggy influence on the method of someones communication, it is up to both individuals to adjust to each other in set up to share information correctly.8. Identify barriers to effective communication (3.3.2)As previously mentioned, theology and cultural belief can be a barrier between devil parties willing to communicate, there is also outrage in those beliefs, some of which you may not share but mustnt let that be a prejudgement originally communication. Different or strong underscore If you dont understand what is being said to you (or what you are telling), it is imperative that you do not be embarrassed (or offended) in asking for the information to be repeated. health & (or) mental issues e.g. Aspergers, the individual may miss the necessary non-verbal communication skills and will therefore will require patience on your part. Noise your hearing may be better than theirs and is not affected by any background noise such as a television. Specialist communication methods Do you have the necessary skills for effective communication e.g. sign language? sensory impairment Is t he individual deaf, blind or both?Emotions Is this person too express to discuss something that is important?9. Explain how to curb barriers to communication (3.3.3)It is part of our job to hear these barriers and open up a good line of effective communication that serves the go around interests of the service user. We can also plow upon the services of others to aid in the communication e.g. an Interpreter. There is also much search I can do which may include speaking to the family or professionals that are already familiar with that individual and may offer valuable information on how best to communicate. Wecan also use communication strategies and personal support plans as well as educating ourselves through and through preparedness to gain new skills.10. Describe strategies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings (3.3.4) Should a misunderstanding occur, I should not keep back up, but attempt to rectify it and look into that the individual does understand, this can be through with(p) by e.g. Giving that person some time to calm down and hence later on communicate it in a different or easier way, being careful to explain it fully and simpler.11. Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively (3.3.5) There will be times when extra support is needed because you either lack the necessary skills or you cannot communicate or provide the information nowadays to the individual that serves them in the best possible way. There are many specialist organisations for a whole host of needs and requirements. You should, if asked, obtain this information for use by either yourself or the service user and make it easily accessible.12. Explain the moment of the term confidentiality (4.4.1) Confidentiality is a set of rules reinforced upon trust to abide by pertaining to the wishes and needs of others under your care. The information must be kept private with restrictions in place when required.13. Describ e ways to maintain confidentiality in day-to-day communication (4.4.2) Confidentiality can be maintained by remaining aware and conscious of the information you share or discuss. Examples of this areInformation should only be discussed with the permission of the individual and not spoken somewhat out of work, especially social media platforms e.g. Facebook. Any documentation needs to be filed securely and inaccessible to others. Your voice should be kept to a minimum when discussing (with permission) in a public environment (e.g. Hospital) the information of a service user to another person.14. Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individuals confidentiality and disclosing concerns to agreed others (4.4.3) In my role as a support worker I may encounter a situation where the matter of confidentiality has to be weighed up against the welfare of the individual in question. In these instances confidentiality has to be broken to meet my obligations and duty of care in describe to the correct and relevant authorities e.g. safeguarding this has the potential for tension but for the greater good, must be adhered to.15. Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentiality (4.4.4) I can seek advice through my peers, management personnel or a professional advice line and this must endlessly be done as currently as possible to ensure the adjacent safety of the service user.Once you have completed, your Learning Advisor will be able to cross reference all knowledge into Unit 4222-301 of the diploma